Industry Profile -- by Mike Kimmel and Mark Sproxton

Biotechnology is defined as a branch of technology exploiting biological processes, by using mircro-organisms to create products for industries such as medicine, agriculture and the environment. Humans have been practising biotechnology for years by selectively breeding plants and animals to achieve desired hereditary traits.

The modern day process of biotechnology is much more efficient and effective with changing technology and also with the advancement of computers. Computers are used to study the genetic structure of organisms which will lead to the usage of tools like a "gene gun" that will be used to insert desirable genes in the DNA of specified organisms.

Employment in this field ranges from pathology, investigating the causes and effects of diseases, to a career as a biological technician conducting tests and interpreting research. A strong interest in science and excellent critical thinking skills are crucial in this industry. Having a grasp of different investigative methods is also a key part of the biotechnology equation. Employment in biotechnology is growing. For example, there are shortages of managers in biotech due to the fact it is difficult to find those who possess the scientific background with an equally effective leadership experience.

Educational requirements vary greatly in this industry, however, almost all require a minimum of a bachelor of science degree. For example, eight or more years of post-secondary education is required for a career as a pathologist, while a two-year diploma is required for some chemical technologist positions.

The following is a small list of positions available in biotechnology:

Geneticists study the role of DNA in traits passed through families and may conduct tests to help diagnose diseases. Medical geneticists may work in hospitals directly with patients, while other geneticists will work in laboratories investigating plants and animals. A masters, doctoral or medical doctor degree with specialized training in genetics are required.

• Government research predicts well below average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $26,000 to $96,000 a year

Biological technician job duties may vary a great deal depending on educational background and place of employment. Interpreting research findings, conducting tests, and analysing scientific data are typical daily duties. Supervising programs involving fish hatcheries, for example, may be required. A minimum of a two-year diploma is required.

• Government research predicts below average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $18,000 to $48,000 a year

Pathologists have a great deal of responsibility, including overseeing and assisting in laboratory diagnostic and screening tests, conducting autopsies, and supervising medical students. Pathologists often work in and around infectious diseases, so being very health cautious is a critical part of this position. A minimum of medical doctor degree plus years of specialized laboratory studies is required.

• Government research projects an above average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $150,000 to $200,000

Chemical technologists prepare reports, carry out chemical tests and analyze samples. They maintain, install, and operate a wide variety of analytical equipment and may work with hazardous materials. Excellent mathematic and science skills are key. A minimum of a two-year diploma or bachelor of science degree is required.

• Government research projects an average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $17,000 to $45,000

Biochemists must have a strong grasp of biology and chemistry. Biochemists study the chemical composition and functioning of living cells and organisms. Creativity and good problem solving skills are key elements in this field. A minimum of a bachelor of science degree is required.

• Government research projects an average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $33,000 to $72,000 a year

• Government research projects a below average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $26,000 to $96,000

Medical laboratory technologists perform tests and procedures to assist physicians, including those working in genetics. Examining bodily fluids and tissues for abnormal chemical levels, cells or bacteria are duties carried out by these technologists. Attention to detail, integrity and good communication skills are key. A minimum of a two-year post-secondary program is required.

• Government research projects an above average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $36,000 to $52,000

Microbiologists study the growth and characteristics of micro-organisms and how they interact with other elements. Conducting experiments, analysing different micro-organisms and developing modified micro organisms are typical duties. Attention to detail and imagination are key in microbiology. A minimum of a bachelor of science degree is required.

• Government research projects a below average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $26,000 to $96,000 a year

Chemists conduct research and work with a variety of chemicals, for example, to determine how they react when mixed together. Chemists work with a variety of harsh chemicals so they must be cautious at all times. Strong public speaking abilities and good problem solving skills are important traits for chemists. A minimum of a bachelor of science degree is required.

• Government research projects an average growth rate to the year 2005
• Government survey shows earnings from $33,000 to $72,000 a year

Quality assurance technicians are the front-line workers in biotech production. These technicians test samples being produced within a company and identify what procedures or processes have to change to ensure quality. Analytical and communication skills are key. A minimum of a bachelor of science degree is required.

Quality control analysts ensure biotech companies are producing the correct, and consistent, ingredients from one day to the next by conducting tests of each sample. They work in the last stage of quality control. Analytical and communication skills are key. A minimum of a bachelor of science degree is required.

Clinical research associates participate in the trial of new drugs and pharmaceuticals on people. The associates must follow a strict set of rules ensuring that patients' know about the tests and are treated respectfully. Good organizational and communication skills are required. A degree in nursing is typically required.

Intellectual property managers keep record of their companies' products and ensure they are not copying another company's product, even if the difference is only one, small ingredient. These managers must also ensure their companies' products are covered by patent laws so other companies can't copy their formulas. An understanding of science and patent issues are key. Degrees in science and law are required.

Regulatory affairs specialists handle the side of biotechnology that proves a company's products have gone through government approved testing and are safe for humans, animals, plants and the environment. All biotech products must meet these approvals before being sold to consumers. Strong written and oral skills are key. A minimum of a bachelor of science degree is required.